Carbon isotope variation in Douglas-fir foliage: improving the delta(13)C-climate relationship.

The natural abundance of stable carbon isotopes in the annual rings of forest trees is used as a tracer of environmental changes such as climate and atmospheric pollution. Although tree-ring delta(13)C varies by about 2 per thousand from year to year, variability within the foliage can be as high as 6 per thousand. Recent studies have shown that branch length affects stomatal response, which influences the integrated foliar delta(13)C signal. To improve the ability of delta(13)C to predict climate differences, we examined the relationship between branch length and foliar delta(13)C in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco from four sites across a steep climate gradient in Oregon. The transect spanned the boundary between the ranges of the coastal variety, P. menziesii var. menziesii (three sites), and the Rocky Mountain variety, P. menziesii var. glauca (one site). At the most maritime site, branch length explained 76% of within-site variation of 5 per thousand, whereas at the harshest site, branch length accounted for only 15% of this variation. We considered the possibility that cavitation in the water-conducting xylem obscures the branch length effect in the harsher climates. Cavitation, as measured by dye perfusion, was most extensive at sites where the branch length effect in the coastal variety was weakest. Trees at the site with the most substantial cavitation displayed seasonal xylem refilling. Branch length standardization significantly improved the relationship between delta(13)C and climate. With standardization to constant length, delta(13)C values were significantly related to the degree that climatic variables, as modeled with a forest growth simulation model, constrain transpiration (R(2) = 0.69, P < 0.0001). Without standardization, the R(2) was 0.27. We conclude that sampling standard length branches or tree rings from trees of similar shape and size is desirable when seeking correlations between isotopic composition and climate.